From: Robert Stevens <robert.stevens@law.ox.ac.uk>

Sent: Tuesday 23 July 2024 10:26

To: Donal Nolan; Matthew Hoyle; 'Jason W Neyers'; obligations

Subject: RE: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

That should be tortious. I think there must be a (general, natural) right of way where your land abuts the highway. So, it is like cutting off water that flows on to your land. If my front door opens on to the highway, and someone parks outside it so I can t get out of my house, I think that must be a private nuisance.

But if they do it on their own land, destroying the utility of your land, unless you have a right of way, no claim: Crabb v Arun.

Unless we believe the theory that we no longer need to identify any interference with a (natural) right of land, and that interfering with abstract utility suffices.

From: Donal Nolan <donal.nolan@law.ox.ac.uk>
Sent: Tuesday, July 23, 2024 10:21 AM
To: Robert Stevens <robert.stevens@law.ox.ac.uk>; Matthew Hoyle <MHoyle@oeclaw.co.uk>; 'Jason W Neyers' <jneyers@uwo.ca>; obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: RE: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

On the highway. *Just* outside your land but flush with the boundary so there is neither a trespass to your land nor any significant interference with passage along the highway, and so no public nuisance either. Your view is that that is not tortious?

From: Robert Stevens <robert.stevens@law.ox.ac.uk>
Sent: 23 July 2024 10:14
To: Donal Nolan <donal.nolan@law.ox.ac.uk>; Matthew Hoyle <MHoyle@oeclaw.co.uk>; 'Jason W Neyers' <jneyers@uwo.ca>; obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: RE: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

Where is this fence?

On your land? A clear tort.

On the highway? A clear tort: public nuisance? I don t think landowners without more ado acquire their own special rights of way over the highway, or over any other area of land.

On their land, which is between your land and the highway, ending all access for you to your land? Unless you have a right of way, they can do that: Crabb v Arun (before Fearn v Tate).

From: Donal Nolan <donal.nolan@law.ox.ac.uk>
Sent: Tuesday, July 23, 2024 10:09 AM
To: Robert Stevens <robert.stevens@law.ox.ac.uk>; Matthew Hoyle <MHoyle@oeclaw.co.uk>; 'Jason W Neyers' <jneyers@uwo.ca>; obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: RE: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

I mean by direct access access from the highway that is not dependent on a private right of way. You just walk/drive from the highway onto your land. Pretty standard stuff! And the scenario is that the authority erects a fence that blocks that access (but not the highway, and so not a public nuisance). A tort or not?

From: Robert Stevens <robert.stevens@law.ox.ac.uk>
Sent: 23 July 2024 10:01
To: Donal Nolan <donal.nolan@law.ox.ac.uk>; Matthew Hoyle <MHoyle@oeclaw.co.uk>; 'Jason W Neyers' <jneyers@uwo.ca>; obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: RE: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

And, I had thought that in Crabb v Arun what was blocked was direct access from the highway?

From: Robert Stevens
Sent: Tuesday, July 23, 2024 9:57 AM
To: Donal Nolan <donal.nolan@law.ox.ac.uk>; Matthew Hoyle <MHoyle@oeclaw.co.uk>; 'Jason W Neyers' <jneyers@uwo.ca>; obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: RE: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

Absent a right of way, why does that make a difference to private nuisance? Are you suggesting that if I own land that gives me a (special) right of way over the highway that non-landowners don t have?

Blocking the highway might be a public nuisance, but unless you have a right of way, I don t think people blocking your access to anywhere can be a private nuisance (or, at least, it couldn t be until Fearn v Tate detached private nuisance from rights in relation to land).

From: Donal Nolan <donal.nolan@law.ox.ac.uk>
Sent: Tuesday, July 23, 2024 9:52 AM
To: Robert Stevens <robert.stevens@law.ox.ac.uk>; Matthew Hoyle <MHoyle@oeclaw.co.uk>; 'Jason W Neyers' <jneyers@uwo.ca>; obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: RE: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

I had in mind the blocking of direct access from the highway.

From: Robert Stevens <robert.stevens@law.ox.ac.uk>
Sent: 23 July 2024 08:56
To: Donal Nolan <donal.nolan@law.ox.ac.uk>; Matthew Hoyle <MHoyle@oeclaw.co.uk>; 'Jason W Neyers' <jneyers@uwo.ca>; obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: Re: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

If they don't have a right of way? Of course.

What else was Crabb v Arun about?

From: Donal Nolan <donal.nolan@law.ox.ac.uk>
Sent: Tuesday, July 23, 2024 7:41:15 AM
To: Matthew Hoyle <MHoyle@oeclaw.co.uk>; 'Jason W Neyers' <jneyers@uwo.ca>; obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: RE: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

Not sure the case tells us much as the defendant didn t build the fence itself, so they were (at most) an accessory.

Do Jason and Matthew think that a public body that goes round building fences which block access to people s properties without lawful authority, thereby preventing use of the land for a period, shouldn t be liable to the owners?

All best

Donal

From: Matthew Hoyle <MHoyle@oeclaw.co.uk>
Sent: 22 July 2024 15:43
To: 'Jason W Neyers' <jneyers@uwo.ca>; obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: RE: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

Thanks Jason,

Certainly, your sign example appears right to me. Compare the judgment of Flaux J (as he was) in Club Cruise [2008] EWHC 2794 (Comm) (albeit a claim in conversion, not nuisance). The claimant s right to exclusive possession of the ship was not affected by the invalid orders given by the authorities, even if they had in fact deprived the claimant of their freedom to use their ship.

Similarly, in your sign example, the fact that a sign has effectively precluded use of the land should not amount to a private wrong. Nothing has been done to the land. If I install a sign outside your theme park which says danger, land irradiated , I can see that might amount to defamation or malicious falsehood, but is not an interference with your right to the land.

I also agree here that, absent a right of way over neighbouring land which is obstructed by the fence, this result looks right. Indeed, if the land had been in commercial use by the claimant, I don t think that ought to make a difference (like in Club Cruise).

On English law s new understanding of nuisance following Tate however, both the sign and the fence ought to attract liability. Use and enjoyment of the land has been impaired.

Matthew Hoyle

Barrister

One Essex Court

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From: Jason W Neyers <jneyers@uwo.ca>
Sent: Monday, July 22, 2024 3:12 PM
To: obligations <obligations@uwo.ca>
Subject: ODG: Nuisance as an interference with the abstract useability of land

Dear Colleagues:

Those of you interested in nuisance will be interested in the BCCA s decision in British Columbia (Minister of Public Safety) v Latham, 2023 BCCA 104. In that case the Province, in response to the appearance of sinkholes in a subdivision, extended a state of emergency ( the SOLE ) without statutory authority under the relevant act (the EPA ) and provided funding to the District for the construction of a fence that prevented the plaintiff s from accessing their property in that subdivision. The plaintiffs sued, on the authority of Antrim, claiming that the Province had committed a nuisance. The court denied the claim as follows:

91 it would logically flow from the respondents' theory, which is implicitly accepted by the trial judge, that every order issued under the EPA that substantially and unreasonably interferes with the use of private property would be prima facie actionable in nuisance, subject to the defence of statutory authority. In fact, they concede as such: at para. 62 above. In other words, liability in nuisance would arise automatically from a finding that the exercise of such powers was unlawful in an administrative law sense. Furthermore, the scope of this new form of tort liability would not be restricted to powers under the EPA. Liability in nuisance could arise from orders, policies, authorizations, and other decisions made pursuant to any legislation that authorizes a substantial interference with the use of private property regardless of whether the government entity in question has made any use of land. All that would be required to establish liability in nuisance is a successful application for judicial review. In my view, this unbridled expansion of the tort to include "regulatory nuisance" is unprincipled and contrary to the existing jurisprudence.

94 In light of the authorities discussed above, I would conclude that a defendant government entity must, at a minimum, be engaged in a use of land in order to attract liability in nuisance. It is not sufficient for competing uses of land to be involved in a general sense. I would also conclude that the tort of nuisance does not extend to regulatory action by a public body that directly interferes with a claimant's use of land, even where those decisions are subsequently found to be unlawful in an administrative law sense. In my view, it makes no difference to the analysis whether one focusses on the Minister's extensions of the SOLE or on the Province's contribution to the funding of a fence.

95 Here, there is no suggestion that the Province owned, occupied, or made use of land from which a nuisance emanated. The source of the alleged nuisance -- the Province's interconnected extensions of the SOLE and funding of the fence - - involved an exercise of its statutory powers, a regulatory response under the EPA to the geotechnical instabilities in Seawatch. Whether or not a portion of the fence may have been constructed on adjacent land, the purpose of the fence was to directly impede the respondents' access to property as a means of enforcing the evacuation order. Furthermore, it was the District, not the Province, that arranged for its construction: Reasons at para. 7. I do not consider purely regulatory activity impacting land, without more, to be a "use" of that land that could attract liability in nuisance.

96 To state my conclusions in a somewhat different way: this case does not concern competing uses of land, but rather a government body's exercise of emergency powers to directly regulate the respondents' properties. Respectfully, the judge therefore erred in law in concluding that the Province could be liable in nuisance for its regulatory actions in these circumstances.

The result seems totally inconsistent with theories that view nuisance solely as protecting interferences with the abstract useability of land, but seems intuitively correct to me (especially if we ignore the fence and just assume a sign was used rather than a physical barrier). I would explain that result by saying that (without the fence) their would be no physical interference with any of the plaintiff s rights to land (their column, their natural rights or acquired rights) rather than relying on no land use (as does the court) but the result would be the same as that gotten by the court. Could abstract useability theories explain the result?

Sincerely,

Jason Neyers
Professor of Law
Faculty of Law
Western University
Law Building Rm 26
e. jneyers@uwo.ca
t. 519.661.2111 (x88435)

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